Security researcher Maxime Ingrao has found a new variant of Android/Trojan.Spy.Joker which he’s dubbed Autolycos. Malware in this family secretly subscribes users to premium services. The researcher noted that the eight applications that contained this malware had racked up a total of over 3 million downloads.
Toll fraud malware
Toll fraud malware is a subcategory of billing fraud in which malicious applications subscribe users to premium services without their knowledge or consent. At the moment, toll fraud malware—also known as fleeceware—is one of the most prevalent types of Android malware. And not only does the number of infections keep going up, so does the sophistication of the malware.
Joker
Android/Trojan.Spy.Joker was the first major family that specialized in this field. It was first found in the Play Store in 2017. Joker is capable of clicking on online ads, and asks for SMS permissions during installation so it can access One Time Passwords (OTPs) to secretly approve payments. The user will never know that they have been subscribed to some service online until they check their bank statements or phone invoice.
Detection
Google uses the name Bread for the Joker malware family. In January, 2020, Google Play Protect detected and removed 1,700 unique Bread apps from the Play Store. By using as little code as possible and thoroughly hiding it, Joker generates a very discreet footprint which makes it hard to detect. But SMS and toll fraud generally require some basic functionality like disabling WiFi which needs one of a handful of APIs. Since Joker expects security researchers to look for those APIs, it uses a wide variety of techniques to mask the usage of them.
Slow response
The small footprint and masked usage of APIs must make it hard to find malicious apps among the multitude of apps that can be found in the Google Play Store. But that doesn’t explain why it took Google over a year to remove the eight apps reported by Maxime Ingrao. He reported the apps in June, 2021, and the last two were removed on July 13, 2022. It’s possible they would still be available if the researcher hadn’t gone public because he said he got tired of waiting.
Autolycos
As mentioned earlier, the malware is still undergoing development. What is new about this type is that it no longer requires a WebView. WebViews are exactly what the name indicates—a small view to a piece of Web content. A WebView can be a tiny part of the app screen, a whole page, or anything in between. Not requiring a WebView greatly reduces the chances that the user of an affected device notices something fishy is going on. Autolycos avoids WebView by executing URLs on a remote browser and then including the result in HTTP requests.
Malicious apps
BleepingComputer posted the list of malicious apps found by Maxime Ingrao, which users may still have installed:
- Vlog Star Video Editor (com.vlog.star.video.editor) – 1 million downloads
- Creative 3D Launcher (app.launcher.creative3d) – 1 million downloads
- Wow Beauty Camera (com.wowbeauty.camera) – 100,000 downloads
- Gif Emoji Keyboard (com.gif.emoji.keyboard) – 100,000 downloads
- Freeglow Camera 1.0.0 (com.glow.camera.open) – 5,000 downloads
- Coco Camera v1.1 (com.toomore.cool.camera) – 1,000 downloads
- Funny Camera by KellyTech – 500,000 downloads
- Razer Keyboard & Theme by rxcheldiolola – 50,000 downloads
Pradeo researchers have also identified four new malicious applications that embed the Joker malware:
- Smart SMS Messages 50.000+ installs
- Blood Pressure Monitor 10.000+ installs
- Voice Languages Translator 10.000+ installs
- Quick Test SMS 10.000+ installs
How to avoid toll fraud malware
Users that have any of the listed apps installed are advised to remove them as soon as possible. To avoid getting infected and duped by toll fraud malware there are a few countermeasures you can take:
- Keep Play Protect active.
- Pay attention to apps asking for permissions, in this case especially SMS permissions.
- Minimize the number of apps you install, however useful they may seem. The Autolycos operators created numerous advertising campaigns on social media.
- Do not rely on user reviews alone, since the malware authors use bots to maintain a good user rating.
Also, always keep an eye on your background internet data, battery consumption, phone invoices, and bank statements, just in case. The sooner you stop it, the smaller the damages.
